How do you calculate percent change in normal GDP? To calculate the percentage change in nominal GDP, start with the GDP from the previous year and divide it by the same number, then multiply. Here's a quick review of how to calculate pH and what pH means with respect to hydrogen ion concentration, acids, and bases. Key Takeaways
Review of Acids, Bases, and pH FormulaThere are several ways to define acids and bases, but pH only refers to hydrogen ion concentration and is only meaningful when applied to aqueous (water-based) solutions. When water dissociates it yields a hydrogen ion and a hydroxide. H2O ↔ H+ + OH- When calculating pH, remember that [] refers to molarity, M. Molarity is expressed in units of moles of solute per liter of solution (not solvent). If you are given concentration in any other unit (mass percent, molality, etc.), convert it to molarity in order to use the pH formula. Using the concentration of hydrogen and hydroxide ions, the following relationship results: Kw = [H+][OH-] = 1x10-14 at 25°C How to Calculate pH and [H+]The equilibrium equation yields the following formula for pH: pH = -log10[H+] In other words, pH is the negative log of the molar hydrogen ion concentration. Or, the molar hydrogen ion concentration equals 10 to the power of the negative pH value. It's easy to do this calculation on any scientific calculator because it will have a 'log' button. This is not the same as the 'ln' button, which refers to the natural logarithm. Example: Calculate the pH for a specific [H+]. Calculate pH given [H+] = 1.4 x 10-5 M pH = -log10[H+] Example: Calculate [H+] from a known pH. Find [H+] if pH = 8.5 [H+] = 10-pH Example: Find the pH if the H+ concentration is 0.0001 moles per liter. pH = -log[H+] pH = -(-4) = 4 Or, you could simply use a calculator and take: pH = - log (0.0001) = 4 Usually, you aren't given the hydrogen ion concentration in a problem but have to find it from a chemical reaction or acid concentration. Whether this is easy or not depends on whether you're dealing with a strong acid or a weak acid. Most problems asking for pH are for strong acids because they completely dissociate into their ions in water. Weak acids, on the other hand, only partially dissociate, so at equilibrium, a solution contains both the weak acid and the ions into which it dissociates. Example: Find the pH of a 0.03 M solution of hydrochloric acid, HCl. Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid that dissociates according to a 1:1 molar ratio into hydrogen cations and chloride anions. So, the concentration of hydrogen ions is exactly the same as the concentration of the acid solution. [H+ = 0.03 M pH = - log (0.03) pH and pOHYou can easily use the pH value to calculate pOH if you recall: pH + pOH = 14 This is particularly useful if you're asked to find the pH of a base since you'll usually solve for pOH rather than pH. Open source pdf library c#. Check Your WorkWhen you're performing a pH calculation, it's a good idea to make sure your answer makes sense. An acid should have a pH much less than 7 (usually 1 to 3), while a base has a high pH value (usually around 11 to 13). While it's theoretically possible to calculate a negative pH, in practice pH values should be between 0 and 14. This, a pH higher than 14 indicates an error either in setting up the calculation or else using the calculator. Windows 10 comes with a new interface and almost every app has a new look now. Opening an app is easy. You just need to type the first few initials of the app name in the search bar and you can jump to the app directly. In this post, we will learn about the Calculator app in Windows 10. Windows 10 CalculatorType ‘Calculator’ in the taskbar search bar and select the top result to open this window. If you wish it frequently, you may pin it to your Start Menu. The new Calculator app can be easily resized to square, horizontal or vertical shapes. The features are almost similar to the old one. You can use it in different modes like Standard Calculator, Scientific Calculator, Programmer and Converter. Just click on the Hamburger menu on the top left corner and you can see the modes in a dropdown menu. Standard Calculator Here you can carry out normal calculations like additions, subtractions, divisions, multiplications, square roots, percentages and fractions. You can also save the calculations and view them in History tab given in the right panel of the app. Adding them to memory (M+) will save and display the figures under the Memory tab. Scientific Calculator This fully featured Scientific calculator mode of the Windows 10 Calculator is very helpful for the students and they can perform the typical mathematical calculation here. For example, Trigonometric functions in degrees and radians, and other standard functions like SIN, COS and TAN which are useful for the high school student. They can save a number in Calculator memory and use it for further calculation. Programmer This mode of the calculator is specially designed for programmers which work for binary, decimal, binary, octal and hexadecimal calculations, allows QWORD, bitwise operations and Basic calculations. Converter The converter in Windows 10 Calculator can help you converting units which include Volume, Length, Weight and Mass, Temperature, Energy, Area, Speed, Time, Power, Data, Pressure and Angle. It also lets you convert tablespoons in teaspoons under the Volume category. Do let us know how you like the new Windows 10 Calculator, or if there are any other features you would like to see in them. Bonus Tip: If you wish to get back the classic old look calculator back in Windows 10, you can download Microsoft Calculator Plus from here. It offers Standard, Scientific and Conversion modes. The Conversion mode offers to convert length, area, energy, consumption, power, pressure, temperature, velocity, volume, weight and currencies. Exchange rates can be downloaded from the European Central Bank. More Windows 10 Tips and Tricks here.
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